Scheduled Tribes in India(342)
Scheduled Tribes in India
The term 'Scheduled
Tribes' first appeared in the Constitution of India. Article 366 (25) defined
scheduled tribes as "such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or
groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342
to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this constitution". Article
342, which is reproduced below, prescribes procedure to be followed in the
matter of specification of scheduled tribes.
The President may,
with respect to any State or Union territory, and where it is a state, after
consultation with the Governor there of by public notification, specify the
tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within tribes or tribal
communities which shall, for the purposes of this constitution, is deemed to be
scheduled tribes in relation to that state or Union Territory, as the case may
be.
Parliament may by
law include in or exclude from the list of Scheduled tribes specified in a
notification issued under clause(1) any tribe or tribal community or part of or
group within any tribe or tribal community, but save as aforesaid, a
notification issued under the said clause shall not be varied by any subsequent
notification.
Thus, the first
specification of Scheduled Tribes in relation to a particular State/ Union
Territory is by a notified order of the President, after consultation with the
State governments concerned. These orders can be modified subsequently only
through an Act of Parliament. The above Article also provides for listing of
scheduled tribes State/Union Territory wise and not on an all India basis.
The criterion
followed for specification of a community, as scheduled tribes are indications
of primitive traits, distinctive culture, geographical isolation, shyness of
contact with the community at large, and backwardness. This criterion is not
spelt out in the Constitution but has become well established. It subsumes the
definitions contained in 1931Census, the reports of first Backward Classes
Commission 1955, the Advisory Committee (Kalelkar), on Revision of SC/ST lists
(Lokur Committee), 1965 and the Joint Committee of Parliament on the Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes orders (Amendment) Bill 1967 (Chanda Committee),
1969.
In exercise of the powers conferred by Clause (1) of Article 342 of the Constitution of India, the President, after Consultation with the State Governments concerned have promulgated so far 9 orders specifying the Scheduled Tribes in relation to the state and union territories. Out of these, eight are in operation at present in their original or amended form. One order namely the Constitution (Goa, Daman & Diu) Scheduled Tribes order 1968 has become defunct on account of reorganization of Goa, Daman & Diu in 1987. Under the Goa, Daman & Diu reorganization Act 1987 (18 of 1987) the list of Scheduled Tribes of Goa has been transferred to part XIX of the Schedule to the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950 and that of Daman & Diu II of the Schedule of the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) (Union Territories) Order, 1951.
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Article 342
provides for specification of tribes or tribal communities or parts of or
groups within tribes or tribal communities which are deemed to be for the
purposes of the Constitution the Scheduled Tribes in relation to that State or
Union Territory. In pursuance of these provisions, the list of Scheduled Tribes
are notified for each State or Union Territory and are valid only within the
jurisdiction of that State or Union Territory and not outside.
The list of
Scheduled Tribes is State/UT specific and a community declared as a Scheduled
Tribe in a State need not be so in another State. The inclusion of a community
as a Scheduled Tribe is an ongoing process.
The essential
characteristics of these communities are:
- Primitive
Traits
- Geographical
isolation
- Distinct
culture
- Shy
of contact with community at large
- Economically
backward
Tribal communities
live, in various ecological and geo-climatic conditions ranging from plains and
forests to hills and inaccessible areas. Tribal groups are at different stages
of social, economic and educational development. While some tribal communities
have adopted a mainstream way of life, at the other end of the spectrum, there
are certain Scheduled Tribes, 75 in number known as Particularly Vulnerable
Tribal Groups (PVTGs), who are characterised by
- pre-agriculture
level of technology
- stagnant
or declining population
- extremely
low literacy
- subsistence
level of economy
No community has been specified as Scheduled Tribe in relation to the State of Haryana and Punjab and Union Territories of Chandigarh, Delhi and Puducherry.
Article 342
provides for specification of tribes or tribal communities or parts of or
groups within tribes or tribal communities which are deemed to be for the
purposes of the Constitution the Scheduled Tribes in relation to that State or
Union Territory. In pursuance of these provisions, the list of Scheduled Tribes
are notified for each State or Union Territory and are valid only within the
jurisdiction of that State or Union Territory and not outside.
The list of
Scheduled Tribes is State/UT specific and a community declared as a Scheduled
Tribe in a State need not be so in another State. The inclusion of a community
as a Scheduled Tribe is an ongoing process.
The essential
characteristics of these communities are:
- Primitive
Traits
- Geographical
isolation
- Distinct
culture
- Shy
of contact with community at large
- Economically
backward
Tribal communities
live, in various ecological and geo-climatic conditions ranging from plains and
forests to hills and inaccessible areas. Tribal groups are at different stages
of social, economic and educational development. While some tribal communities
have adopted a mainstream way of life, at the other end of the spectrum, there
are certain Scheduled Tribes, 75 in number known as Particularly Vulnerable
Tribal Groups (PVTGs), who are characterised by
- pre-agriculture
level of technology
- stagnant
or declining population
- extremely
low literacy
- subsistence
level of economy
Distribution of Tribes
The Scheduled Tribes are notified in 30 States/UTs and the
number of individual ethnic groups, etc. notified as Scheduled Tribes is 705.
The tribal population of the country, as per 2011 census, is 10.43 crore,
constituting 8.6% of the total population. 89.97% of them live in rural areas
and 10.03% in urban areas. The decadal population growth of the tribal’s from
Census 2001 to 2011 has been 23.66% against the 17.69% of the entire
population. The sex ratio for the overall population is 940 females per 1000
males and that of Scheduled Tribes 990 females per thousand males.
Broadly the STs inhabit two distinct geographical area – the
Central India and the North- Eastern Area. More than half of the Scheduled
Tribe population is concentrated in Central India, i.e., Madhya Pradesh
(14.69%), Chhattisgarh (7.5%), Jharkhand (8.29%), Andhra Pradesh (5.7%),
Maharashtra (10.08%), Orissa (9.2%), Gujarat (8.55%) and Rajasthan (8.86%). The
other distinct area is the North East (Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Tripura, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh).
More than two-third of the ST population is concentrated only in
the seven States of the country, viz. Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa,
Gujarat, Rajasthan, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. There is no ST population in 3
States (Delhi NCR, Punjab and Haryana) and 2 UTs (Puducherry and Chandigarh),
as no Scheduled Tribe is notified.
|
|
1961 |
1971 |
1981 |
1991 |
2001 |
2011 |
|
Total literate
population |
24 % |
29.4 % |
36.2 % |
52.2 % |
64.84% |
73.00 % |
|
Scheduled Tribes
(STs) population |
8.5 % |
11.3 % |
16.3 % |
29.6 % |
47.10% |
59.00% |
|
Total female
population |
12.9 % |
18.6 % |
29.8 % |
39.3 % |
53.67% |
64.60% |
|
Total Scheduled
Tribes (STs) female population |
3.2 % |
4.8 % |
8.0 % |
18.2 % |
34.76% |
49.40 % |
Distribution of Tribes
The Scheduled Tribes are notified in 30 States/UTs and the
number of individual ethnic groups, etc. notified as Scheduled Tribes is 705.
The tribal population of the country, as per 2011 census, is 10.43 crore,
constituting 8.6% of the total population. 89.97% of them live in rural areas
and 10.03% in urban areas. The decadal population growth of the tribal’s from
Census 2001 to 2011 has been 23.66% against the 17.69% of the entire
population. The sex ratio for the overall population is 940 females per 1000
males and that of Scheduled Tribes 990 females per thousand males.
Broadly the STs inhabit two distinct geographical area – the
Central India and the North- Eastern Area. More than half of the Scheduled
Tribe population is concentrated in Central India, i.e., Madhya Pradesh
(14.69%), Chhattisgarh (7.5%), Jharkhand (8.29%), Andhra Pradesh (5.7%),
Maharashtra (10.08%), Orissa (9.2%), Gujarat (8.55%) and Rajasthan (8.86%). The
other distinct area is the North East (Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Tripura, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh).
More than two-third of the ST population is concentrated only in
the seven States of the country, viz. Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa,
Gujarat, Rajasthan, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. There is no ST population in 3
States (Delhi NCR, Punjab and Haryana) and 2 UTs (Puducherry and Chandigarh),
as no Scheduled Tribe is notified.
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